INTRODUCTION:

Medicinal plants have historically formed the foundation of traditional healthcare practices and remain highly significant in contemporary drug discovery owing to their diverse bioactive constituents and broad therapeutic potential. A large segment of the world’s population, especially in developing regions, continues to depends on plant-based remedies for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. This growing reliance, coupled with increasing scientific interest in natural products, has prompted extensive research aimed at validating traditional claims and identifying novel pharmacologically active compounds.¹

Cleome viscosa Linn., commonly known as wild mustard, belongs to the family Cleomaceae and is extensively distributed across tropical and subtropical regions, including India, Africa, and Southeast Asia. It is an annual, sticky, herbaceous plant distinguished by its characteristic yellow flowers and pungent odor. Traditionally, the plant has been extensively utilized within Ayurvedic and folk healing practices for managing variety of ailments, such as inflammation, fever, infections, diarrhea, and dermatological disorders.²

Phytochemical studies of Cleome viscosa have has identified a wide range of secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, and phenolic compounds, which are largely responsible for its therapeutic properties. Recent advancements in Analytical methods, particularly gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), have facilitated further substantiated the presence of multiple bioactive constituents, thereby providing scientific support for its traditional applications.³

In recent years, a growing body of pharmacological evidence has demonstrated that Cleome viscosa demonstrates a broad range of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and hepatoprotective effects. Experimental studies, particularly those involving animal models, have reported its efficacy in modulating inflammatory mediators and attenuating oxidative stress, thereby supporting its ethnomedicinal relevance.^4,5 Furthermore, the isolation and characterization of specific bioactive compounds, such as flavonoid glycosides and coumarins, have underscored its potential as a potential reservoir of lead compounds for future drug discovery.⁶

Despite these encouraging findings, there remains a significant need for well-designed clinical studies, along with standardization and quality control of plant extracts, to fully elucidate the safety, efficacy, and therapeutic applicability of Cleome viscosa. Therefore, the present This review intends to present a comprehensive overview of its ethnobotanical significance, phytochemical profile, and pharmacological activities, with particular emphasis on recent scientific advancements.⁷Tribal communities in India rely heavily on medicinal plants for the treatment of various diseases and health conditions.⁸

Taxonomy:

Cleome viscosa L., commonly referred to as wild mustard, is a medicinally significant plant that belongs to the family Cleomaceae under the order Brassicales. The accepted botanical classification is as follows:

Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Angiosperms

Class: Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons)

Order: Brassicales

Family: Cleomaceae

Genus: Cleome

Species: Cleome viscosa L.

The species was initially described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 and is broadly distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of India, Africa, and Southeast Asia.^9,10 It is recognized as an accepted species in authoritative botanical databases such as Royal Botanic Gardens.^9,10

Synonyms:

Cleome viscosa has been reported under different botanical names in earlier taxonomic literature, such as Polanisia viscosa (L.) DC. and Cleome icosandra L. These synonyms are important for correct identification of the species and for locating information across different scientific databases and historical texts^1,11.

Vernacular Names:

The plant is known by several local names reflecting its widespread traditional use. In English, it is commonly called “wild mustard,” while in Hindi it is known as “Hurhur.” In Marathi, it is referred to as “Tilvan” or “Hulhul,” and in Sanskrit, it is called “Karw.” These vernacular names indicate its recognition and usage in various cultural and medicinal practices across regions.¹

Geographical Distribution and Habitat:

Cleome viscosa is extensively distributed across tropical and subtropical regions, including areas of India, Africa, and Southeast Asia. It commonly grows as a weed in open fields, roadsides, agricultural lands, and wastelands. The plant prefers warm climatic conditions and is often observed during the rainy season, demonstrating its ability to thrive in moist and disturbed environments.^1,11

Plant Description:

The stem is cylindrical, branched, and densely covered with glandular trichomes that secrete a sticky substance, giving the plant its characteristic viscous nature. The surface of the plant is generally pubescent due to these glandular hairs.¹¹

The The leaves are palmately compound, typically composed of 3–5 leaflets, with each leaflet are obovate to elliptic in shape, with serrated margins and glandular pubescence. The petiole is variable in length, and the leaves tend to become smaller towards the upper portion of the plant.¹¹

The fruit is a slender, elongated, cylindrical capsule containing numerous small, brown to black seeds. These seeds are transversely ridged and possess a pungent odor. The plant exhibits high adaptability and commonly grows as a weed in disturbed habitats.¹¹

Fig1: Cleome viscosa Plant

Fig2: Cleome viscosa Seeds

Fig3: Cleome viscosa Leaves

Fig4: Cleome viscosa Flower

Medicinal plants contain various secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids that contribute to their therapeutic properties.¹⁶The phytochemical composition of Cleome viscosa Linn. indicates the presence of a diverse range of secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, terpenoids, and various glycosidic constituents. Flavonoids such as quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin derivatives are among the main bioactive molecules and are strongly associated with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as reported in recent studies.^11,13 In addition, a distinct flavonoid glycoside, quercetin-3-O-(2''-acetyl)-glucoside has been isolated from the floral parts, has shown notable anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects, highlighting its therapeutic significance.¹⁴

Phenolic constituents contribute significantly to the elimination of free radicals and protecting against oxidative damage, thereby contributing to the plant’s antioxidant potential. ^[13] Alkaloids present in the plant, although not completely characterized, are reported to possess analgesic as well as antimicrobial activities. ^[11] Terpenoids along with phytosterols such as β-sitosterol further enhance the pharmacological profile by exhibiting anti-inflammatory and membrane-protective effects.^12,15

Moreover, glycosides and saponins are known to contribute to immunomodulatory and cardioprotective actions, supporting the ethnomedicinal applications of the plant.^11,12 The presence of tannins also adds to its antioxidant capacity and may assist in tissue repair mechanisms. Overall, the therapeutic potential of C. viscosa can be attributed to the combined and possibly synergistic effects of its diverse phytochemical constituents, indicating its relevance as a multi-functional medicinal plant.^11,12,13

Biotechnological Studies:

Plant tissue culture techniques have been applied to Cleome viscosa for the development of disease-resistant cell lines and enhancement of secondary metabolite production. Callus cultures were successfully induced from leaf explants using thidiazuron as a growth regulator. Furthermore, the use of fungal elicitors such as Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus significantly enhanced anthocyanin accumulation in the cultured tissues. This approach highlights the potential of elicitation strategies in improving the production of bioactive compounds, which may contribute to the pharmacological properties of the plant, particularly its antioxidant and therapeutic potential.¹⁷

Pharmacological Activities:

Antioxidant Activity:

Recent investigations have demonstrated that Cleome viscosa possesses significant The plant exhibits notable antioxidant activity, largely attributed to phenolic constituents and flavonoids. Methanolic extracts have shown strong free radical scavenging capacity in assays such as DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and hydrogen peroxide models. These antioxidant effects contribute to reducing oxidative stress by enhancing endogenous antioxidant enzymes and decreasing lipid peroxidation in experimental models. Such findings support the role of C. viscosa in preventing oxidative damage associated with chronic diseases.^13,18

Anti-inflammatory Activity:

The plant has shown notable Anti-inflammatory effects have been demonstrated in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Extracts of C. viscosa alleviate inflammation by suppressing pro-inflammatory mediators and promoting stabilization of cellular membranes. Recent studies suggest that its bioactive compounds interfere with inflammatory pathways and suppress oxidative stress, thereby alleviating tissue inflammation. These effects are considered beneficial in managing inflammatory disorders.¹⁹

Antimicrobial Activity:

Extracts of Cleome viscosa have demonstrated antimicrobial potential against a broad spectrum of pathogenic microorganisms. Evidence suggests that bioactive constituents, including alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, are responsible for its antibacterial effects and antifungal effects. Isolation of bioactive compounds such as imperatorin further confirms its antimicrobial potential, making the plant a promising candidate for developing natural antimicrobial agents.²⁰

Antidiabetic and Cardioprotective Activity:

Recent studies have demonstrated that Cleome viscosa exhibits antidiabetic and cardioprotective effects. Methanolic extracts and bioactive fractions have been shown to regulate lower blood glucose concentrations, enhance insulin responsiveness, and mitigate oxidative stress in experimental diabetic models. Furthermore, treatment with plant extracts improves cardiac markers and restores normal cardiac structure, suggesting its potential role in preventing diabetes-associated cardiovascular complications.¹³

Anticancer Activity:

The anticancer potential of Cleome viscosa Linn. has been demonstrated through both in vitro and in vivo studies. Various solvent fractions of the plant have shown significant cytotoxic effects against cancer cell lines such as HeLa and U343. Furthermore, experimental animal models, particularly the Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma model, have revealed a marked reduction in tumor volume along with an increase in survival time of treated animals. These findings suggest that Cleome viscosa possesses promising antitumor activity, which may be attributed to its antioxidant properties and ability to induce apoptosis in cancer cells.²¹

Antithrombotic Activity:

Preliminary studies have indicated that C. viscosa possesses antithrombotic activity, possibly due to its antioxidant and phenolic constituents. The plant extract has been shown to inhibit platelet aggregation and reduce thrombus formation, suggesting its potential application in cardiovascular disorders. This activity is particularly relevant for research focusing on antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapies.²²

Wound Healing Activity:

The methanolic extract of Cleome viscosa Linn. was evaluated for wound healing activity using excision and incision wound models in albino Wistar rats. At a dose of 500 mg/kg, the extract significantly enhanced wound contraction, reduced the epithelialization period, and increased tensile strength compared to the control group. The effects were found to be comparable to the standard drug Soframycin, indicating significant wound healing potential of the plant.²³

Analgesic Activity:

The analgesic activity of Cleome viscosa Linn. was evaluated using the acetic acid–induced writhing model in experimental animals. The fixed oil obtained from the seeds was administered at doses of 75, 100, and 125 mg/kg body weight, which resulted in significant inhibition of writhing responses, with percentage reductions of 91.69%, 92.3%, and 96.0%, respectively. The standard drug aspirin (150 mg/kg) showed 82.42% inhibition, with 11 writhes compared to 62 writhes observed in the control group. These results indicate that the fixed oil of Cleome viscosa exhibits significant peripheral analgesic activity in a dose-dependent manner.²⁴

Hemolytic Activity:

The hemolytic activity of the ethanolic extract of Cleome viscosa Linn. stems was evaluated using a spectrophotometric method. The extract exhibited low hemolytic activity, indicating minimal damage to red blood cells. These findings suggest that the extract is relatively safe and possesses low cytotoxicity, supporting its potential for therapeutic applications.²⁵

Psychopharmacological Effects:

The methanolic extract of the whole plant of Cleome viscosa Linn. was evaluated for its psychopharmacological properties in rats and mice. The extract (200–400mg/kg) demonstrated a significant decrease in spontaneous motor activity and exploratory behaviour, as assessed by head-dip and Y-maze tests. It also exhibited muscle relaxant effects, evidenced by reduced performance in rotarod, inclined screen, and traction tests. Additionally, the extract produced a marked reduction in normal body temperature and significantly prolonged phenobarbitone-induced sleeping time. These findings indicate that Cleome viscosa possesses notable central nervous system depressant activity.²⁶

Mechanism of Action:

The biological activities of Cleome viscosa are largely associated with The occurrence of secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, phenolics, and coumarins, contributes through diverse molecular mechanisms. One of the primary mechanisms involves antioxidant activity, where these Phytochemicals scavenge reactive oxygen species and strengthen intrinsic antioxidant defense systems, including enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and reduced glutathione. This leads to attenuation of oxidative stress and protection of cellular components from damage, thereby contributing to its therapeutic potential.¹⁸

The anti-inflammatory activity of Cleome viscosa is primarily associated with its capacity to modulate with the cyclooxygenase pathway, resulting in reduced production of prostaglandins and other inflammatory mediators. Bioactive flavonoids, particularly quercetin derivatives, are known to contribute importantly to this process through suppressing inflammatory signaling pathways. Additionally, evidence from recent studies on Cleome species suggests that these compounds may also exert regulatory effects on pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, further supporting their role in controlling inflammatory responses.^14,27

Its antimicrobial effects are associated with various phytochemicals, including imperatorin and other phenolic constituents, which exert their effects by compromising microbial cell membrane integrity. This disruption increases membrane permeability, leading to leakage of intracellular materials and ultimately microbial cell death. Contemporary research has demonstrated that these compounds exhibit exhibits antimicrobial activity against diverse pathogenic organisms, encompassing both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains.²⁰

In addition to these effects, Cleome viscosa also influences metabolic processes, particularly glucose regulation. The extract suppresses key enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion, such as α-amylase and α-glucosidase, which helps reduce glucose absorption and supports better blood sugar control. Such effects are beneficial in reducing metabolic stress and preventing complications associated with hyperglycemia.¹⁸

Overall, the combined antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and metabolic regulatory actions of Cleome viscosa provide a strong mechanistic basis for its potential anti-platelet and anti-thrombotic effects. By reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting inflammatory mediators, and improving metabolic balance, the plant may help in limiting platelet aggregation and thrombus formation. These multi-target effects are further supported by recent pharmacological reviews highlighting the therapeutic versatility of Cleome species in inflammatory and cardiovascular conditions.¹¹

Figure: Proposed Mechanism of Action of Cleome viscosa

Cleome viscosa (Flavonoids, Phenolics, Coumarins)

↓

Multiple Pharmacological Actions

Antioxidant → Reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) → Inhibition of platelet activation

Anti-inflammatory → Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition → Decreased thromboxane A₂ (TXA₂) synthesis

Cytokine modulation → Downregulation of TNF-α, IL-6

Antimicrobial → Disruption of microbial cell membrane integrity

Antidiabetic → Inhibition of the enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase.

↓

Physiological Outcome

Reduced platelet aggregation

Prevention of thrombus formation^{11,14,18,20,27}

Traditional Uses:

Cleome viscosa Linn., commonly referred to as wild mustard, is extensively utilized in various traditional medical systems such as Ayurveda and folk practices across tropical regions. Various plant parts, including leaves, seeds, and roots, have been traditionally employed for therapeutic purposes due to their broad medicinal value.¹ In ethnomedicinal applications, the plant is commonly used exhibiting activities such as anti-parasitic, antiseptic, and digestive (carminative) effects, febrifuge, and cardiac stimulant, reflecting its role in treating digestive disorders, infections, and fever-related conditions.¹

Topical application of the leaves is traditionally utilized for the treatment of wounds, dermatological infections, and inflammatory disorders, while seed preparations are frequently utilized to alleviate gastrointestinal disturbances such as diarrhea and dysentery.¹ Additionally, Plant decoctions have been traditionally employed in medicinal practices for conditions like rheumatism, respiratory ailments, and general inflammatory disorders, suggesting its potential anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.^11,13

Recent ethnopharmacological reviews (2021–2022) further support these traditional claims, indicating that Cleome species, including C. viscosa, are widely used in managing inflammatory diseases, infections, and metabolic disorders across different cultures.² These traditional applications are closely associated with The pharmacological activities can be attributed to the presence of bioactive phytochemicals, including flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and coumarins.³ The continued use of C. viscosa in traditional medicine highlights its highlights its significance as a promising candidate for the development of new therapeutic agents. ^11,13.Herbal medicines are commonly used as alternative therapies for the management of chronic diseases.²⁸Traditional medicinal plants are widely used by rural populations in Maharashtra for the treatment of various ailments, based on indigenous knowledge systems.²⁹

FUTURE PROSPECTS:

Despite its long-standing ethnomedicinal use and increasing pharmacological validation, Cleome viscosa is still insufficiently explored for its complete therapeutic potential. Future investigations should emphasize the isolation and characterization of novel phytoconstituents such as flavonoids, coumarins, and alkaloids, which have demonstrated significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Modern analytical methods, such as liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and molecular docking studies can be employed to understand structure–activity relationships and facilitate the identification of potential lead compounds for drug development.¹¹

Another promising direction is the evaluation of its antiplatelet and antithrombotic effects. Phytochemicals, particularly flavonoids present in C. viscosa, are reported to modulate platelet aggregation and inhibit thromboxane pathways, suggesting possible cardioprotective applications. However, detailed mechanistic studies using in vivo models and rigorously designed clinical trials are essential to verify these findings and establish their clinical relevanceand establish its role as a safe natural antithrombotic agent.³⁰

Standardization of plant extracts and development of stable formulations remain crucial for ensuring reproducibility and therapeutic consistency. Incorporation of nanotechnology-based Advanced drug delivery approaches, including nanoparticles and liposomal systems, have the potential to improve the bioavailability and enable targeted delivery of active phytoconstituents.¹¹

From a clinical perspective, there is a clear need for well-designed human studies, as most existing research is confined to in vitro and animal models. Comprehensive toxicological evaluations and dose optimization are essential steps toward clinical translation.³⁰ Furthermore, sustainable cultivation and conservation strategies should be implemented to ensure continuous availability of the plant, which is often overlooked as a common weed.

Overall, Cleome viscosa holds considerable promise as a source of novel therapeutics, particularly for inflammatory, thrombotic, and metabolic disorders, provided that future research addresses current gaps through multidisciplinary approaches.

CONCLUSION:

Cleome viscosa is a widely distributed medicinal plant that has been traditionally utilized for the management of various ailments, including inflammation, infections, pain, and metabolic disorders. Scientific investigations have confirmed that the plant contains diverse bioactive constituents such as flavonoids, coumarinolignoids, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds, which are responsible for its multiple pharmacological effects. Experimental studies demonstrate that C. viscosa exhibits significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, and antidiabetic activities, supporting its traditional therapeutic claims.

Despite these promising findings, most studies are limited to in vitro and animal models, However, there remains a significant need for rigorously designed clinical studies to confirm its safety and therapeutic effectiveness in human populations. Moreover, variations in phytochemical composition due to geographical and environmental factors highlight the need for standardization of extracts. Therefore, further research focusing on isolation of active compounds, elucidation of precise molecular mechanisms, toxicity evaluation, and clinical validation is essential. Overall, Cleome viscosa holds considerable potential as a natural therapeutic agent and may serve as a valuable source for the development of novel pharmacological products.

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Received on 14.04.2026 Revised on 04.05.2026

Accepted on 19.05.2026 Published on 10.07.2026

Available online from July 14, 2026

Res.J. Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics.2026;18(3):282-288.

DOI: 10.52711/2321-5836.2026.00038

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Creative Commons License.

Phytochemical Class	Identified compounds	Reported biological activities	Plant part
Flavonoids	Quercetin, Kaempferol, Isorhamnetinderivatives	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory.	Leaves, flowers ^[11,13]
Flavonoid glycosides	Quercetin-3-0-(2"-acet yl)-glucoside	Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial	Flowers ^[14]
Phenolic compounds	Total phenolics, polyphenols	Free radical scavenging, antioxidant	Leaves ^[11,13]
Alkaloids	Not fully characterized (general alkaloid fraction)	Analgesic, antimicrobial	Leaves, roots ^[12]
Terpenoids	Triterpenes, sesquiterpenes	Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant	Whole plant ^[12,15]
Phytosterols	ẞ-sitosterol	Anti-inflammatory, membrane stabilizing	Seeds, leaves ^[12]
Glycosides	Flavonoid glycosides	Cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory	Leaves ^[11]
Saponins	Crude saponin fraction	Immunomodulatory, antimicrobial	Roots, leaves ^[12]
Tannins	Hydrolysable and condensed tannins	Astringent, wound healing, antioxidant	Leaves ^[13]
Volatile /semi-volatile compounds (GC-MS)	Fatty acids, alcohols, terpenes (GC-MS)identified	Antimicrobial, antioxidant.	Leaves ^[13]